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Used Cooking Oil (UCO) is post-consumer cooking oil collected from restaurants and food processors. It is one of the most traded waste lipid feedstocks for UCOME (FAME), HVO renewable diesel, and HEFA-SAF.
Food Waste Oil is oil recovered from food waste streams and food processing residues. It's increasingly discussed as a low-cost lipid for biodiesel, but it requires serious pre-treatment and traceability controls.
Brown grease is fat/oil/grease recovered from grease traps and drainage systems. It's a real waste stream with strong circularity potential, but it is one of the hardest lipid feedstocks to process reliably.
Acid oil (often produced by acidulating soapstock from vegetable oil refining) is a high-FFA lipid stream. It can be converted to biodiesel via acid-catalyzed esterification and is used as a low-cost feedstock when processing capability is there.
Esterified acid oil is acid oil that has already been esterified to reduce FFA/TAN, making it easier to run through conventional biodiesel production or blending operations.
Spent bleaching earth contains trapped residual oil from edible oil refining. Multiple studies describe recovering this oil and converting it to biodiesel, but recovery efficiency and contaminant control determine whether it's commercially clean or a headache.
Crude tall oil is a residue from pulp production. It's a proven non-food industrial lipid feedstock used for renewable diesel and renewable naphtha production in commercial operations.
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Rendered animal fats are established biodiesel and HVO feedstocks. In the EU, Category 1/2/3 classification determines permitted uses and handling rules, with Cat 3 typically considered the 'highest quality' stream for fuel production.
Fish oil from processing by-products can be converted to biodiesel and other industrial products. It's niche versus UCO/tallow, but valuable where coastal processing concentrates supply.
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Tyre Pyrolysis Oil is produced from end-of-life tyres via pyrolysis and is primarily used as a circular feedstock for chemicals/plastics (and in some cases as refinery input). Tyres contain both natural rubber (biogenic carbon) and synthetic rubber (fossil carbon), so sustainability claims must separate or correctly allocate those fractions. Biogenic content can be verified with Carbon-14 testing.
Plastic Pyrolysis Oil is produced from waste plastics and is mainly positioned as a chemical recycling feedstock (naphtha-like input) rather than a 'biofuel feedstock.' It supports circular plastics when routed into steam crackers with mass-balance accounting.
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FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is biodiesel made by transesterification/esterification of fats and oils. In Europe, neat FAME and FAME blend components generally target EN 14214, while the US uses ASTM D6751 for B100 blendstock.
UCOME is FAME produced from UCO. It's widely traded and often positioned as an advanced, waste-based biodiesel option when certification and traceability are solid.
POMEME is methyl ester produced from recovered oil associated with palm oil mill effluent (POME). Market interest is high because it's positioned as a residue-based feedstock, but it's politically and audit-sensitive.
These are crop-based FAME types named by source oil: SME, RME, PME. They are standard biodiesel commodities but face policy caps and iLUC scrutiny in many jurisdictions.
TME is FAME produced from animal tallow. It's a common biodiesel stream with strong availability in regions with large rendering capacity.
Technical corn oil (from ethanol plants) is a recognized non-food lipid used in renewable diesel/HVO and biodiesel contexts; the methyl ester is traded in some channels as corn-oil-based FAME.
HVO (also called HEFA in aviation contexts) is produced by hydrotreating fats/oils into hydrocarbon fuels. It is chemically closer to fossil diesel than FAME and is free of aromatics and sulfur with a high cetane number.
SAF is aviation fuel produced via approved conversion pathways and blended within allowed limits. The approved pathways are managed through fuel standards (ASTM D7566 annexes) and sustainability rules (e.g., CORSIA for international aviation claims).
Renewable naphtha (often called bio-naphtha) is a hydrocarbon fraction used as a chemical feedstock, commonly produced alongside renewable diesel in HVO/HEFA-style processing. It is used as a cracker feedstock to produce circular/renewable polymers when paired with certification and mass balance.
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Biogas is produced via anaerobic digestion of wet organic biomass and can be used for heat/power or upgraded to biomethane (grid injection, bio-CNG, bio-LNG).
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Glycerine is a major co-product of FAME biodiesel production. Its value depends on purity and local offtake (technical vs refined grades). Biodiesel economics often improve when glycerine offtake is secured.